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Preparation Method
Preparation Method
Aluminium Alloy
Metallography of aluminium is used in quality control for grain size determination and for micro structure defects on the polished and etched specimen. In addition, the sample is checked for impurities such as oxides or zirconium aluminides.
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Titanium Alloy
Titanium and its alloys are widely used in the aerospace and aircraft, chemical and medical industry, where high safety is essential. Consequently, quality control of titanium production and processing is extremely important.
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Copper Alloy
The metallography of copper and its alloys is used for grain size measurement and purity checks by qualifying and quantifying the copper oxide content. In certain brasses, the distribution of lead is determined as it can influence the machining process. In cast alloys the general microstructure and distribution of eutectic or lead is evaluated as well as the presence of shrinkage cavities or porosity.
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Steel
Metallography of stainless steels is an important part of the overall quality control of the production process. The main metallographic tests are grain size measurement, identification of delta ferrite and sigma phase and the evaluation and distribution of carbides. In addition, metallography is used in failure analysis investigating corrosion/oxidation mechanisms.
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Cast Iron
Using standard reference comparison charts and/or image analysis techniques, the morphology, size and distribution of the graphite is determined on an unetched, polished sample. Depending on the specification, the sample is then etched to check the structure of the matrix.
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Microelectronics
The components are mass-produced and therefore the quality control is usually limited to a thermal cycling test to detect faulty parts. However the development, design and failure analysis of chip-based components require metallographic cross sections of the components to look at microvias, cracks, and voids, solder balls, conducting layers, connections etc.
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Fastener
Metallographic examination is important in the production process. The tests range from checking dimensions, mechanical properties, and physical variables, to structure examination and quantitative analysis. Metallographic examination is part of the quality control regimen for producing fasteners, spot checks of raw material, control and verifi cation of forming and heat treatment processes or failure analysis.
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Powder Metallurgy
Metallography is used to check porosity, non-metallic inclusions and cross-contamination. In research and failure analysis, metallography is a major tool used to develop new products and improve manufacturing processes. In addition to chemical analysis, quality control also includes physical methods for checking density, dimensional changes, flow rate etc.
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Thermal Spray Coatings
Sections of this test coupon are then metallographically prepared and examined to assess coating thickness, size and distribution of porosity, oxides and cracks, adhesion to base material, interface contamination and presence of unmelted particles.
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